West Flores pole-and-line skipjack tuna
Location & History
Pole-and-line fishing has been used in Indonesia since the early 1900's, and was originally introduced by Japanese fishers to produce Katsuobushi or "Ikan Kayu" - dried tuna flakes, also sometimes referred to as "bonito flakes". (They're delicious! Find out more here.) In 2018, IPNLF partnered with a local, sustainable tuna fisheries organization, AP2HI to divide national fisheries into several smaller fisheries based on their geographic area. The smaller tuna fisheries could then work on individual improvements to ensure that sustainability targets were met, without adjacent fisheries compromising these efforts. This fishery operates in the West Flores, landing their catch in Maumere, within the Western and Central Pacific Ocean.
How is the Tuna Caught?
All the tuna from this fishery is caught using traditional pole-and-line methods, using one hook on a line attached to a bamboo pole, catching one fish at a time. While vessels vary in size, all employ between 15 to 30 crew members of local fishers. A typical fishing trip will be anywhere from one day to one week, and land up to 8,000 KG of tuna per fishing trip - that’s about 50,000 cans of tuna! Fishers use live fish and squid as bait and throw it into the water to start a tuna feeding frenzy. The crew lower their lines into the water and during the frenzy, tuna will catch onto the hooks. The tuna are then slung onboard, where it detaches from the hook and the line is thrown back into the water to start again. The fishery is very selective, which means it catches only skipjack or yellowfin tuna (95% of the catch). Non-target species (also known as bycatch) are animals that the fishery doesn’t want to catch, such as dolphins, turtles or sharks. The use of a single hook and line per fisher means that there is very little bycatch, and because fishing takes place at the surface of the ocean, there is virtually no negative impact on different marine habitats. The catch is then taken to shore and transported to a local factory that typically processes either canned tuna or Katsuobushi.
Unique Features
The fishery provides jobs for local communities both at sea as fishers, and on land in the processing sector, which enhances economic growth and opportunity across the community.
Fun fact: This fishery is a big producer of Katsuobushi, which is also traditionally used as the base for many Japanese soups and broths.
Gallery
Typical Vessel
| Item | Value |
|---|---|
| Crew Size | 30 |
| Size Range (m) | 30 |
| Details of Type of Engine | Inboard |
| Hold Capacity | 37 MT |
| Onboard Cold Storage? | Yes |
Fleet Capacity
-
83t
- Annual Catch Volume (metric tonnes)
-
49
- Number of Vessels
-
686
- Local Employment
Target Species
Skipjack Tuna
Fishing Gear
Pole-and-line
Traceability
Traceability systems are used in food supply chains to track a product from production to consumption. They assist with ensuring that standards and regulations are met throughout the supply chain, which is very important for products that travel across the globe, such as tuna.
Good traceability reduces contamination, disease, and spoilage. In the case of seafood, it also helps to maintain sustainable fish stocks in the oceans so we can keep enjoying tuna for years to come.
Most importantly, traceability provides transparency through the supply chain, allowing all parties including the consumer access to information about the products they are buying.
Fishery Information and Traceability (FIT)
Fishery Information and Traceability (FIT) programme is in place for skipjack tuna fisheries across the AP2HI membership to highlight fishery transparency and improve the efficiency of fishing practices. The FIT is a programme that collects various data regarding catch rate, vessel numbers, and bait usage across the fisheries. This data is then used to advise fisheries on key elements for improvement.
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Fishery Association
What is an industry association?
Industry associations are responsible for enforcing industry specific standards and regulations to protect employees and companies within that industry. They have a range of responsibilities such as providing industry specific information to businesses and useful resources, engaging in education programs, and supporting businesses so that they can reach and maintain industry standards.
Another important role of an industry association is lobbying governing bodies to take action on issues that are affecting the industry in question.
What is a fishery association?
Fishery associations are generally not-for-profit organisations that represent fisheries in one area of the world. Fishery associations are important for small-scale and artisanal fisheries, to defend their rights in a competitive industry and lobby governments for their support of these fisheries.
These associations ensure fishers are protected as employees in this industry, and that fish stocks are being managed appropriately to ensure the fishers trade will continue and be prosperous. Some associations represent employees throughout the supply chain, from fishers, to processors, to distributors, protecting the workforce from the source to your plate.
Asosiasi Perikanan Pole & Line dan Handline Indonesia (AP2HI)
Asosiasi Perikanan Pole and Line dan Hand Line Indonesia (AP2HI) was established after a need for a shared voice for Indonesia’s pole-and-line and handline industry was identified at the International Coastal Tuna Business Forum in 2012.
As the one of the largest global suppliers of tuna, Indonesia’s pole-and-line and hand-line industry supports many coastal communities and livelihoods. AP2HI’s vision is of sustainable fisheries and viable businesses. Its members include suppliers, fishers and canners, representing the entire supply chain in Indonesia. In addition to promoting these fisheries, AP2HI is active in innovating the industry to increase efficiency and align to international market requirements.
Furthermore, it works to promote fair, transparent, sustainable use of Indonesia’s resources; in doing so, gaining further support for the fishery. AP2HI was officially inaugurated at the 3rd International Coastal Tuna Business Forum, held in Jakarta in Spring 2014.
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Regional Fisheries Management Organisation
Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)
Regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) are international bodies formed to manage fish stocks in an oceanic area. They include several countries with fisheries operating in that area, and some focus on particular species such as tunas. They are established through international agreements and treaties. RFMOs typically collect fishery statistics, assess fish stock conditions, monitor fishery activity and make fishery management decisions.
The Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) was established by the Convention for the Conservation and Management of Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPF Convention). The Commission seeks to manage issues that arise in high-seas fisheries, to prevent overexploitation of highly migratory fish stocks.
Stock Status Reports
Skipjack Tuna Stock Status
2021-04-25The stock status of a fish species signifies whether a species is 'overexploited', 'fully exploited' or 'underexploited'. Different organisations use different parameters to assign these labels. For example, the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) deems any species to have less than 40% of it’s ‘unfished biomass’ to be overexploited.
The aim of assigning stock status to a species is to ensure that catches are kept at a level where future catches will not be affected, in other words, to maintain a healthy, viable population of fish.
In addition to biomass, spawning potential, catch trend and size-age composition may be used to determine stock status. These are important factors to consider as some species are more resilient than others and have different ecological features. For example, skipjack tuna represent the healthiest tuna stocks globally, and reaching maturity at just 1 year of age they have a high reproductive rate. However, they often aggregate with juvenile yellowfin tuna which are important to avoid as juveniles will not yet have had a chance to breed.
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National Reports
Indonesia
2022-07-11National Reports are formal documents from members of the Tuna Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (tRFMO) in question. Each country that falls within the tRFMO must report on the state of their national fisheries in relation to the requirements of that tRFMO. They are normally presented to the annual Scientific Committee meetings by a credentialed head of delegation - considered national scientists. The tRFMO normally prescribes what the report should entail and how it should be structured, which would also include progress on key resolutions on conservation and management measures, and brief the ongoing scientific research of interest to the tRFMO.
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